{"id":2269,"date":"2026-06-26T13:23:27","date_gmt":"2026-06-26T19:23:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/?p=2269"},"modified":"2026-06-26T17:11:54","modified_gmt":"2026-06-26T23:11:54","slug":"vaginosis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/","title":{"rendered":"Vaginosis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Tabla de Contenido<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Alternar tabla de contenidos\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#Vaginal_lactobacilli_dominated_flora_is_stimulated_by_redox_and_acidbase_buffering\" >Vaginal lactobacilli dominated flora is stimulated by redox and acid\/base buffering<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#Figure_1\" >Figure 1<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#Anatomical_and_immunological_components_of_the_female_reproductive_tract\" >Anatomical and immunological components of the female reproductive tract.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#Vaginal_microenvironment\" >Vaginal microenvironment<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#Hypoxia\" >Hypoxia<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#Glycogen_pH_and_Lactobacillus\" >Glycogen, pH and Lactobacillus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#Control_Redox\" >Control Redox<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#Vaginal_Microenvironment_Definition\" >Vaginal Microenvironment Definition<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#Dysbiosis\" >Dysbiosis<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#Metabolomics\" >Metabolomics<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#Figure_n%C2%B0_2\" >Figure n\u00b0 2<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#Cell_Membrane_Degradation\" >Cell Membrane Degradation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#Symptoms_association_with_metabolites\" >Symptoms association with metabolites<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#Figure_n%C2%B0_3\" >Figure n\u00b0 3<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#Microenvironment_control_proposal\" >Microenvironment control proposal<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/pass.bioacyl.com\/wordpress\/2026\/06\/26\/vaginosis\/#References\" >References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vaginal_lactobacilli_dominated_flora_is_stimulated_by_redox_and_acidbase_buffering\"><\/span>Vaginal lactobacilli dominated flora is stimulated by redox and acid\/base buffering<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The lower female reproductive tract, specifically the vagina and ectocervix, is considered a formidable chemical and physical barrier to exogenous invading organisms, in part due to the structure of the stratified vaginal epithelium and the presence of cervicovaginal fluid (CVF). Eubiotic viscoelastic CVF acts as an effective lubricant, facilitates the trapping of exogenous organisms and, acts as an acidified medium in which there is an arsenal of antimicrobial molecules (antibodies, defensins etc.). Importantly, this mucosal layer (mucus and layers of dead epithelial cells) also enables the adhesion of mutualistic vaginal microbiota<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note1\">1)<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The physical barrier of its lining is composed of stratified squamous epithelium that, unlike the upper reproductive tract, relies primarily on the presence of multiple layers to provide a protective barrier against the entry of organisms. However the outermost layers are terminally differentiated (cornification) and lack many of the intracellular organelles including nuclei. They form a network of loosely connected glycogen-filled cells while the basal layer is metabolically active and undergoes active proliferation and is sealed by tight junctions. Consequently, the superficial layers of the lower genital tract are quite \u2018leaky&#8217; and permeable to water and soluble proteins, allowing penetration by endogenous and pathogenic microbes and molecular and cellular mediators of innate and adaptive immune defense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a class=\"media\" href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/lib\/exe\/detail.php?id=en%3Agyn_ob%3Avaginosis&amp;media=gyn_ob:barrier.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/lib\/exe\/fetch.php?media=gyn_ob:barrier.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" title=\"Print\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Figure_1\"><\/span>Figure 1<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Anatomical_and_immunological_components_of_the_female_reproductive_tract\"><\/span>Anatomical and immunological components of the female reproductive tract.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The female reproductive tract consists of an upper (fallopian tubes, uterus and endocervix) and a lower (extocervix and vagina) tract. The vaginal epithelium has many innate immune-mediated protection mechanisms, such as tight junctions, AMPs and mucus, to neutralize, trap, and prevent the entry of potential pathogens. The vaginal lumen is colonized by commensal bacteria, mainly Lactobacilli spp., which help maintain a low pH environment and produce reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, innate immune cells, such as cd T cells, DCs, and macrophages, are present beneath and between vaginal epithelial cells layer to survey the local environment for danger. The abrupt transition from keratinized squamous epithelial cells of the ectocervix to single columnar epithelial cells of the endocervix represents the transformation zone; this site has an abundance of HIV target cells (DCs and CD41 T cells) and has been proposed to be one of the major sites of infection. Although traditional mucosal lymphoid structures are not found in the female reproductive tract, lymphoid aggregates in the endometrial tissue that are composed of B cells in the inner core and surrounded by CD81CD42 T cells and an outer layer of macrophages have been described. Scattered CD561 NK cells and CD41 T cells can be found between lymphoid aggregates. The immune cells and functions of the female reproductive tract are regulated by sex hormones that orchestrate cyclical changes with the menstrual cycle. AMP, anti-microbial peptide; DC, dendritic cell; NK, natural killer<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note2\">2)<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The suprabasal epithelial layers of the ecto-cervix have a rapid turnover so that desquamation seems to be a feature of this zone. Although unknown, the rate of desquamation may be affected by intercourse, use of vaginal products, and hormonal status. Exfoliation is an effective way to eliminate pathogens that have attached to the vaginal surface or that bind to sloughed \u201cdecoy\u201d cells. A 3H-thymidine uptake study showed that the minimum transit time of labelled keratinocytes from the basal layer of the human vaginal epithelium to the uppermost layer was 96 hours; since this epithelium is approximately 28 cell layers thick, this study provides evidence that one cell layer is lost from the vaginal epithelium approximately every 4 hours<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note3\">3)<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This innate mechanism apt in shedding pathogens that excludes them from sojourning in the epithelial surfaces demands a special microenvironment in order to compensate for the consequent leakiness of the epithelial barrier and preserve protection from pathogens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The vaginal microenvironment is a very singular subject matter that must be understood in order to envision protection against sexually transmitted infections, prevention of adverse reproductive outcomes and eventually for insight in devising valuable appropriate measures that can remediate these unfavorable states of disease. Moreover as it has become increasingly clear over time there is no \u201cbacterial signature\u201d (Vide<a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=gyn_ob:vaginosis#dysbiosis\">&nbsp;Dysbiosis<\/a>) when in dealing with them antibacterial measures with antibiotics are adopted nor a clear \u201cmetabolic signature\u201d has been identified for establishing reliable diagnostic markers, so that this herein new approach emerges as a \u201cnew window of opportunity\u201d in order to harness efficacious corrective measures. Thus the aforesaid subject will be dealt with in the following sections.Edit<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vaginal_microenvironment\"><\/span>Vaginal microenvironment<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hypoxia\"><\/span>Hypoxia<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Previous studies have ignored the high carbon dioxide (CO2) and low oxygen (O2) levels that prevail in the vaginal environment. The cervicovaginal partial pressure of CO2 is equivalent to systemic levels (38 mm Hg or 5%)[46]; this CO2 is rapidly lost when the vaginal lumen or a CVF sample is exposed to air (partial pressure of CO2 in air ~ 0.30 mm Hg or 0.04%). Furthermore, the cervicovaginal partial pressure of O2 is in the hypoxic range of 4-14 mm Hg (2%), with only transient increases due to insertion of a tampon or diaphragm, sexual arousal and, presumably, vaginal intercourse<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note4\">4)<\/a><\/sup>.Edit<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Glycogen_pH_and_Lactobacillus\"><\/span>Glycogen, pH and Lactobacillus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A relationship between vaginal epithelial glycogen and Lactobacillus colonization in the female lower genital tract has been recognized for many decades. Thus, Cruickshank<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note5\">5)<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;and others<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note6\">6)<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note7\">7)<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;observed that at puberty, glycogen becomes expressed in the vaginal epithelium and at the same time colonization with&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus<\/em>&nbsp;becomes apparent. Those studies showed that both glycogen expression and colonization by&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus<\/em>&nbsp;persist through life until at menopause, when both&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus<\/em>&nbsp;colonization and glycogen expression decline. Lately it has become evident that even for low levels of glycogen in premenopausal and postmenopausal women the association is strictly conserved being relatively lactobacilli more abundant in premenopausal than in postmenopausal women and this presence intimately related to the amount of free glycogen present<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note8\">8)<\/a><\/sup>. This association between colonization with&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus<\/em>&nbsp;and deposition of intraepithelial glycogen has led to the hypothesis that glycogen serves as an important energy source for lactobacilli and their ability to colonize and produce lactic acid in the female lower genital tract&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note9\">9)<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note5\">10)<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An eco-niche metabolically dependent on the formation of lactic acid becomes relevant. But lactobacilli alone will not achieve the low pH that characterizes this microenvironment. Despite the evidence that glycogen promotes colonization by lactobacilli, most isolates of&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus<\/em>&nbsp;do not grow in vitro in media containing glycogen as the carbohydrate source. Thus, Stewart-Tull&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note10\">11)<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;reported in 1964 that a number of isolates of&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus<\/em>&nbsp;did not ferment glycogen. Later in that decade, Wylie and Henderson&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note11\">12)<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;showed that 39 of 42 isolates of&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus<\/em>&nbsp;did not ferment glycogen, even when the glycogen was isolated from the genital tract of women. More recently, Martin et al&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note12\">13)<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;showed 45 strains of vaginal&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus<\/em>&nbsp;could not use glycogen. The lack of&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus<\/em>&nbsp;growth in vitro in the presence of glycogen leaves open the question of how glycogen could be utilized in vivo by&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A study by Spear et al. (2004) supports a model where \u03b1-amylase present in the genital tract breaks down glycogen into smaller polymers, such as maltose and maltotriose, that are then utilized by Lactobacillus to aid its colonization. Isolates of&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus<\/em>&nbsp;that cannot use glycogen can grow in glycogen breakdown products. An activity that breaks down glycogen to maltose and maltotriose was demonstrated in the study to be present in the lower-genital-tract fluid of women: glycogen breakdown activity in genital fluid correlates with genital levels of \u03b1-amylase; incubation of genital fluids with glycogen generated products such as maltose, maltotriose, and maltotetraose. The study therefore supports presence of \u03b1-amylase in the genital tract which breaks down glycogen into smaller polymers, such as maltose and maltotriose, which are then utilized by Lactobacillus to aid its colonization<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note13\">14)<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although free glycogen levels varies greatly between women and even in the same woman, samples in a study with the highest free glycogen had a corresponding median genital pH that was significantly lower (pH 4.4) than those with low glycogen (pH 5.8; p&lt;0.001). The fraction of the microbiota consisting of&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus<\/em>&nbsp;was highest in samples with high glycogen versus those with low glycogen (median\u200a=\u200a0.97 vs. 0.05, p&lt;0.001)<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note14\">15)<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Control_Redox\"><\/span>Control Redox<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although redox chemistry arose with life itself on earth for over 3.5 billion years it is widely underestimated or misunderstood. In the whole literature there are only two references related to what redox microenvironment can be found in the vagina. Holmes et al. (1985) while investigating the altered metabolic profile measured the redox potential (Eh) at the vaginal epithelium. It was measured in healthy asymptomatic women and women with bacterial&nbsp;Vaginosis&nbsp;BV (Vide&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=gyn_ob:vaginosis#dysbiosis\">Dysbiosis<\/a>). Women with BV were reported to have a more reduced vaginal environment compared to healthy asymptomatic women. Typically, redox potential varies by \u00b1 60 mV per pH unit but the difference between the two groups was 262 mV for 1 pH unit difference, indicating that pH alone could not account for the altered redox potential. In healthy women it ranged +322 mV to +137 mV. In women with BV +71 mV to as low as \u2212257 mV. The difference in redox potential was attributable to microbial metabolism rather than a host determinant because antibiotic treatment successfully increased the redox potential, similar to that of healthy asymptomatic women<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note15\">16)<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notably, a more reduced vaginal environment is conducive to the growth of anaerobes, which increase in number and diversity during BV. It was hypothesized by (Holmes et al., 1985) that vaginal microbiota would influence the redox potential due to altered concentrations of organics acids that form redox pairs (e.g., lactate\/pyruvate and succinate\/fumarate). However the redox potential changes are due to the respiratory activity of anaerobic bacteria which in a favorable environment use oxidized species as electron aceptores in the respiratory chain perturbing the redox microenvironment. The oxidative stress and erosion in the epithelial barrier are quite evident as demonstrable by metabolomic studies (Vide&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=gyn_ob:vaginosis#metabolomics\">Metabolomics<\/a>), providing abundant electron acceptors species and most notably host free iron Fe\/^+++^\/ or iron extracted from metal containing compounds<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note16\">17)<\/a><\/sup>. The hypoxic environment in the vagina indubitably favors the aforementioned anaerobic growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oxidative stress co-exists with a perturbed reduced environment. Fact highly demonstrative of oxidative stress being more the disruption of physiological redox signaling events and why it cannot mostly be simply remedied with antioxidants;&nbsp;\u201cantioxidant paradox\u201d<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note17\">18)<\/a><\/sup>. Ratios of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) speak of the redox environment. Decrease in the GSH\/ GSSG ratio is suggestive of oxidative stress due to its link to protein structure through kinetically controlled redox switches in the proteome and eventual protein irreversible damage. In the second study found on cervicovaginal redox state, the GSH\/GSSG ratio in women without BV was found to be \u00063.29, and that in women with BV was 0.23. Similar ratios were noted in the validation study of the latter. All BV-associated bacteria (detected by qPCR) and&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus iners<\/em>&nbsp;were negatively correlated with the presence of GSH.&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus crispatus<\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus jensenii<\/em>&nbsp;were positively correlated with the presence of GSH. In addition, GSH was negatively correlated with the presence of clue cells. Another metabolite indicative of oxidative stress is ascorbate (vitamin C), a major antioxidant whose levels were significantly lower in BV<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note18\">19)<\/a><\/sup>.Edit<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vaginal_Microenvironment_Definition\"><\/span>Vaginal Microenvironment Definition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The vagina is an hypoxic mucosal cavity protected by the cervicovaginal fluid and immunological secretions of stratified squamous epithelium in an acid medium hosting a Lactobacillus dominated microbiota and a Eh ranging between +322 mV to +137 mV.Edit<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dysbiosis\"><\/span>Dysbiosis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perturbation of the above environment favors a polymicrobial imbalance of the vaginal microbiota, or dysbiosis, where predominance of harmful bacteria create an altered environment susceptible of harboring bacterial&nbsp;vaginosis&nbsp;BV. This facilitates contagion of sexually transmitted diseases and the spread of BV-associated bacteria ascending infection into the upper female genital tract, urinary tract and pelvis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gram-stain-based methods described by Nugent&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note19\">20)<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;and Spiegel&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note20\">21)<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;have been used to delineate BV from other vaginal disorders or infections (vaginal candidiasis\/trichomoniasis, gonorrhoeae, chlamydia). These methods apply a numbered ranking system from 1\u201310, where an increase reflects reductions in the relative proportions of&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus<\/em>&nbsp;morphotypes and increases in&nbsp;<em>Gardnerella<\/em>&nbsp;and other Gram-variable rod shaped morphotypes. The initial method of Spiegel was evaluated by Nugent to be only slightly better than chance in predicting BV, while Nugent and colleagues reported an almost 20% false positive rate in describing an improved approach. Recent studies suggest just 16%\u201337% of women with a Nugent score indicative of BV actually show symptoms of the disease&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note21\">22)<\/a><\/sup>. A likely confounding factor of these approaches is that reductions in lactobacilli are also occasionally seen in asymptomatic individuals&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note22\">23)<\/a><\/sup>,&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note23\">24)<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>G. vaginalis<\/em>&nbsp;is commonly found in the vaginal tract, regardless of disease symptoms&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note24\">25)<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note25\">26)<\/a><\/sup>. A more definitive diagnosis is based on the Amsel criteria&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note26\">27)<\/a><\/sup>, which diagnoses BV based on the presence of three of the four symptoms (discharge, odor, pH&gt;4.5 or clue cells). Because of the limitations associated with the Nugent method, Amsel criteria are more commonly employed in a clinical setting and CDC guidelines preclude treatment without reported or observed symptomology. Despite this, Nugent score continues to be used in research as a diagnostic tool and this may have confounded our current understanding of BV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The diversity of the vaginal microbiome among each individual complicates the ability to determine a \u201cbacterial signature\u201d of BV from that of the temporal changes in the vaginal microbiome due to reproductive cyclicity, personal hygiene or other numerous variables. This temporal fluctuation of the vaginal microbiome makes it difficult to identify bacterial species that are causative for BV or the invasion of opportunistic bacterial species that colonize and populate the vaginal microbiome during environmental changes of the vaginal cavity. The difficulty in identification of a causative pathogen for BV also increases the difficulty of developing effective treatments for BV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Treatment protocols for BV include antibiotic therapy either with oral tablets or vaginal creams&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note27\">28)<\/a><\/sup>. Additionally, the utilization of combo or progestin only oral contraception drugs (OCPs) has shown a protective effect to development of BV through hormonal stabilization of microbial communities in the vaginal canal&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note28\">29)<\/a><\/sup>. However, reoccurrence of disease within 1 year following the cessation of treatment is high&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note29\">30)<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note30\">31)<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note31\">32)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BV poses current medical challenges associated with diagnosing and treating the disease. Diagnosis is particular difficult in patients who are asymptomatic&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note32\">33)<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note33\">34)<\/a><\/sup>. Treatment of disease (anti-microbial vs. probiotics) is quite shortsighted and specially during pregnancy: reviewed in&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note34\">35)<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note35\">36)<\/a><\/sup>. It fully challenges classical precepts of causality of disease since it is another example of many that do not fulfill Koch&#8217;s postulates of infectious disease causality&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note36\">37)<\/a><\/sup>. Thus, even centuries since its discovery, BV still remains a nuisance for scientists and clinicians worldwide since if not controlled it becomes a risk factor for the development of other abnormal health conditions, which can be either confined or will extend far away in the female genital tract and yonder<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note37\">38)<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note38\">39)<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Metabolomics\"><\/span>Metabolomics<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yeoman et al. using a multi-omics approach found in lavage samples from 36 BV symptomatic women that 16S rRNA gene-based community composition profiles reflected Nugent scores, but not Amsel criteria. In contrast, metabolomic profiles were markedly more concordant with Amsel criteria. Two discrete subgroups within each metabotype were characterized and referred to as SBVI and SBVII<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note39\">40)<\/a><\/sup>. Srinivasan et al. identified in women with BV, at least two subtypes based on the metabolic profiles, reflecting different concentrations rather than the presence\/absence of particular metabolites<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note40\">41)<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many of the metabolites significantly affected in samples from women with a high Nugent score or displaying symptoms of BV types were fatty acids, including both SCFA and those with longer chain moieties. These and other metabolites, found to be diminished in SBVI and SBVII (such as ethanolamine, glycerol, serine, phosphate), are related to glycerophospholipid metabolism and are highly suggestive of either reduced glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase-activity&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note41\">42)<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;or rapid utilization of these and other host cell membrane degradation bi-products (such as cholesterol; 2-aminoethylphosphate which were also significantly decreased) in the symptomatic BV state. Correlates with the latter hypothesis, the increases in the biomembrane lipid anchor, tetradecanoic acid, an essential structural component of host cell membranes and their derivatives, was observed in the vaginal metabolomes of SBVI patients. Significant differences in amino acids characteristic of integral membrane proteins were also noticed. Amino acids with aliphatic side-chains, predominant in the transmembrane regions spanning the middle of the phospholipid bilayer (leucine, isoleucine, alanine and valine) were all depleted in metabolome samples from women with SBVI and\/or those with a high Nugent score. While the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan, which are typically located at the polar\/non-polar interface of transmembrane protein regions were depleted in samples from women with high Nugent scores. The finding that these observations overlap with Nugent scores implies an important role for&nbsp;<em>G. vaginalis<\/em>&nbsp;and other Nugent-defined morphotypes in the reduction of cell wall integrity. In accord with this, the genomes of two G. vaginalis strains isolated from women with symptomatic BV harbor mucinolytic enzymes&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note25\">43)<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Consistent with the above is the increased sialoglycan degradation present in human vaginal specimens. It has been demonstrated that&nbsp;<em>Gardenella vaginalis<\/em>&nbsp;engaged in sialoglycan foraging&nbsp;<em>in vitro<\/em>, in the presence of human vaginal mucus, and&nbsp;<em>in vivo<\/em>, in a murine vaginal model, in each case leading to depletion of sialic acids. Comparison of sialic acid levels in human vaginal specimens also demonstrated significant depletion of mucus sialic acids in women with BV compared to women with lactobacilli-dominated microbiota.&nbsp;<em>G. vaginalis<\/em>&nbsp;utilizes sialidase to support the degradation, foraging, and depletion of protective host mucus barriers of the vaginal mucosa<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note42\">44)<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A point-of-care diagnostic test for BV that is currently available and relies on the measurement of sialidase activity in vaginal fluids<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note43\">45)<\/a><\/sup>: It is useful since it is simple and quick. However it doesn&#8217;t rule out other infections. On the same token measuring the Eh of cervicovaginal fluid would provide analogous information to complement Amsel&#8217;s diagnostic criteria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most significant finding from metabolomics studies is the evidence pointing to BV debilitation of the epithelial barrier and tight junctions favoring sexually transmitted diseases or the endogenous ascending anaerobic infection towards the upper female genital tract, pelvis and the urinary tract. Interventions for BV recommended in this essay will emphasize reconstituting the epithelial barrier and its associated mucosal immunity defenses (generally underestimated) in a robustly balanced healthy microenvironment; entirely competent and sufficient in deterring the adverse events mentioned above. Therefore the identification of pathogens and deriving classifications<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note44\">46)<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;become of taxonomic relevance only and, on the contrary, rather than trying to eliminate individualized bacteria (purported pathogens) the mutualist microbiota aspects might be more meaningful in deriving yet-to-be-discovered measures that may be complementary in fostering symbiosis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a class=\"media\" href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/lib\/exe\/detail.php?id=en%3Agyn_ob%3Avaginosis&amp;media=gyn_ob:cell.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/lib\/exe\/fetch.php?media=gyn_ob:cell.jpg\" alt=\"cell.jpg\" title=\"cell.jpg\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Figure_n%C2%B0_2\"><\/span>Figure n\u00b0 2<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cell_Membrane_Degradation\"><\/span>Cell Membrane Degradation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Shown is a diagram depicting classical components of a cell membrane that is depleted in either of the metabolome profiles of the two symptomatic BV types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Symptoms_association_with_metabolites\"><\/span>Symptoms association with metabolites<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The usefulness of metabolic studies has resided more on setting firm associations between metabolites and symptoms of BV (Amsel criteria)rather than classifying subgroups of BV. In the figure below such associations are presented as ascertained by Srinivasan et al.&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note18\">47)<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;using penalized linear regression models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(Yeoman et al. 2013)<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note39\">48)<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;found the symptoms \u2018itching\u2019 and \u2018vaginal pain\u2019 to be linked (Spearman\u2019s R=0.64) to each other, as well as to diethylene glycol (Spearman\u2019s R.0.6) and several distinct metabolites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a class=\"media\" href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/lib\/exe\/detail.php?id=en%3Agyn_ob%3Avaginosis&amp;media=gyn_ob:symptoms.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/lib\/exe\/fetch.php?w=600&amp;tok=b476a5&amp;media=gyn_ob:symptoms.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms.jpg\" title=\"symptoms.jpg\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Figure_n%C2%B0_3\"><\/span>Figure n\u00b0 3<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Association of metabolites with Amsel clinical criteria. Shown is a model depicting metabolites associated with individual clinical criteria used in BV diagnosis . Stars denote metabolites that were positively or negatively associated with BV status. BV status is indicated on the x axis of box plots. The y axis of box plots represents scaled concentrations of metabolites. The lines in box plots represent the mean, and whiskers denote 95% confidence intervals.Edit<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Microenvironment_control_proposal\"><\/span>Microenvironment control proposal<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The microenvironment definition above sets the parameters in correcting the dysbiosis present in BV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The challenge in the vaginal microenvironment is the acidic pH which is to be kept around 4 or preferably more towards 3.5&nbsp;<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note4\">49)<\/a><\/sup>. Paradoxically elevating pH will not help correct the overgrowth of anaerobes. As seen by (Holmes et al. 1983)<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note15\">50)<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;one pH unit variance changes disproportionately Eh towards reducing conditions in the vagina (Vide&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=gyn_ob:vaginosis#control_redox\">Control Redox<\/a>). Therefore the redox buffering aspect is determinant and restitution of oxidative redox potential is imperative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However Gynactil&#8217;s pH is 4 and the acid\/base buffering capacity will maintain stable such environment due to the alkali absorbing properties of the system. The redox couple has a +183 mV potential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This formulation has proven to be highly effective in controlling BV. It restitutes libido depressed in patients affected by BV, Also it has shown to regularize menstruation eliminating discomfort associated with it and dysmenorrhea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Due to stability regarding vulvar\/vaginal status in women using Gynactil regularly and due to women carrying a disproportionately higher burden of sexually transmitted diseases it should be interesting in conducting studies in the prevention of cervical cancer<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note45\">51)<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;and HIV contagion<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:note46\">52)<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;with this new microenvironment control strategy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=gyn_ob:vaginosis\">Back to Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"References\"><\/span>References<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref1\">1)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Aldunate, M., Srbinovski, D., Hearps, A. C., Latham, C. F., Ramsland, P. A., Gugasyan, R., \u2026 Tachedjian, G. (2015). Antimicrobial and immune modulatory effects of lactic acid and short chain fatty acids produced by vaginal microbiota associated with eubiosis and bacterial&nbsp;vaginosis. Frontiers in Physiology, 6, 164.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2015.00164\">http:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2015.00164<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref2\">2)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Nguyen, P. V., Kafka, J. K., Ferreira, V. H., Roth, K., &amp; Kaushic, C. (2014). Innate and adaptive immune responses in male and female reproductive tracts in homeostasis and following HIV infection. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 11(5), 410\u2013427.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cmi.2014.41\">http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cmi.2014.41<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref3\">3)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Averette, Hervy E. et al. (1970) Autoradiographic analysis of cell proliferation kinetics in human genital tissues American Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology , Volume 108 , Issue 1 , 8 &#8211; 17&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/51267609_Autoradiographic_analysis_of_cell_proliferation_kinetics_in_human_genital_tissues._I._Normal_cervix_and_vagina._Am_J_Obstet_Gynecol\">http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/51267609_Autoradiographic_analysis_of_cell_proliferation_kinetics_in_human_genital_tissues._I._Normal_cervix_and_vagina._Am_J_Obstet_Gynecol<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref4\">4)<\/a><\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref49\">49)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;O\u2019Hanlon, D. E., Moench, T. R., &amp; Cone, R. A. (2013). Vaginal pH and Microbicidal Lactic Acid When Lactobacilli Dominate the Microbiota. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e80074.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0080074\">http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0080074<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref5\">5)<\/a><\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref10\">10)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Cruickshank, R. (1934), The conversion of the glycogen of the vagina into lactic acid. J. Pathol., 39: 213\u2013219. doi: 10.1002\/path.1700390118&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/path.1700390118\/abstract\">http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/path.1700390118\/abstract<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref6\">6)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Harald et al. (2003) Bacterial&nbsp;vaginosis&nbsp;as a risk factor for preterm delivery: A meta-analysis Leitich, American Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology , Volume 189 , Issue 1 , 139 &#8211; 147&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12861153\">http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12861153<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref7\">7)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Eschenbach, D. A., Davick, P. R., Williams, B. L., Klebanoff, S. J., Young-Smith, K., Critchlow, C. M., &amp; Holmes, K. K. (1989). Prevalence of hydrogen peroxide-producing&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus<\/em>&nbsp;species in normal women and women with bacterial&nbsp;vaginosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 27(2), 251\u2013256&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/jcm.asm.org\/content\/27\/2\/251.full.pdf+html\">http:\/\/jcm.asm.org\/content\/27\/2\/251.full.pdf+html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref8\">8)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Mirmonsef P. et al. (2015) Exploratory comparison of vaginal glycogen and&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus<\/em>&nbsp;levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal women&nbsp;<em>Menopause<\/em>&nbsp;22(7):702-9. doi:10.1097\/GME.0000000000000397&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25535963\">http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25535963<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref9\">9)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Danielsson, Dan Teigen, Per Kristen Moi, Harald The genital econiche: focus on microbiota and bacterial&nbsp;vaginosis&nbsp;Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1230 (1) 1749-6632&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06041.x\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06041.x<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref11\">11)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Evidence that vaginal lactobacilli do not ferment glycogen Stewart-Tull (1964) American Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology , Volume 88 , Issue 5 , 676 &#8211; 679&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/9452627_Evidence_that_vaginal_lactobacilli_do_not_ferment_glycogen\">http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/9452627_Evidence_that_vaginal_lactobacilli_do_not_ferment_glycogen<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref12\">12)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Wylie JG, Henderson A (1969) Identity and glycogen-fermenting ability of lactobacilli isolated from the vagina of pregnant women. J Med Microbiol 2:363-6&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/gal.redplusalus.com\/piwigo\/galleries\/file_uploader\/pdf\/medmicro_2_3_363.pdf\">http:\/\/gal.redplusalus.com\/piwigo\/galleries\/file_uploader\/pdf\/medmicro_2_3_363.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref13\">13)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Mart\u00edn R et al. (2998) Characterization of indigenous vaginal lactobacilli from healthy women as probiotic candidates Int Microbiol. 11(4):261-6.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.im.microbios.org\/1104\/IM1104_0261.pdf\">http:\/\/www.im.microbios.org\/1104\/IM1104_0261.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref14\">14)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Spear, Gregory T. et al. (2014) Human \u03b1-amylase Present in Lower-Genital-Tract Mucosal Fluid Processes Glycogen to Support Vaginal Colonization by Lactobacillus Journal of Infectious Diseases DO &#8211; 10.1093\/infdis\/jiu231 N1&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/jid.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/early\/2014\/05\/14\/infdis.jiu231.full\">http:\/\/jid.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/early\/2014\/05\/14\/infdis.jiu231.full<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref15\">15)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Mirmonsef, P., Hotton, A. L., Gilbert, D., Burgad, D., Landay, A., Weber, K. M., \u2026 Spear, G. T. (2014). Free Glycogen in Vaginal Fluids Is Associated with&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus<\/em>&nbsp;Colonization and Low Vaginal pH. PLoS ONE, 9(7), e102467.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0102467\">http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0102467<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref16\">16)<\/a><\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref50\">50)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Holmes, King K. and Chen, Kirk C. S. and Lipinski, Carolyn M. and Eschenbach, David A. Vaginal Redox Potential in Bacterial&nbsp;Vaginosis&nbsp;(Nonspecific Vaginitis, (1985) vol 152(2), pages 379-382, doi = {10.1093\/infdis\/152.2.379&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/jid.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/152\/2\/379.abstract\">http:\/\/jid.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/152\/2\/379.abstract<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref17\">17)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Jarosik, G. P., Land, C. B., Duhon, P., Chandler, R., &amp; Mercer, T. (1998). Acquisition of Iron by Gardnerella vaginalis. Infection and Immunity, 66(10), 5041\u20135047&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC108627\/\">http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC108627\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref18\">18)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Halliwell, Barry (2000) The antioxidant paradox The Lancet VL 355 (9210) 1179-1180 doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02075-4&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/oxfordindex.oup.com\/view\/10.1093\/oi\/authority.20110803095417247\">http:\/\/oxfordindex.oup.com\/view\/10.1093\/oi\/authority.20110803095417247<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref19\">19)<\/a><\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref47\">47)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Srinivasan, Sujatha and Morgan, Martin T. and Fiedler, Tina L. and Djukovic, Danijel and Hoffman, Noah G. and Raftery, Daniel and Marrazzo, Jeanne M. and Fredricks, David N. (2015) Metabolic Signatures of Bacterial&nbsp;Vaginosis&nbsp;vol 6(2) doi: 10.1128\/mBio.00204-15&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/mbio.asm.org\/content\/6\/2\/e00204-15.full\">http:\/\/mbio.asm.org\/content\/6\/2\/e00204-15.full<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref20\">20)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Nugent, R. P., Krohn, M. A., &amp; Hillier, S. L. (1991). Reliability of diagnosing bacterial&nbsp;vaginosis&nbsp;is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 29(2), 297\u2013301&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC269757\/\">http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC269757\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref21\">21)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Spiegel, C. A., Amsel, R., &amp; Holmes, K. K. (1983). Diagnosis of bacterial&nbsp;vaginosis&nbsp;by direct gram stain of vaginal fluid. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 18(1), 170\u2013177&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC270763\/\">http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC270763\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref22\">22)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Sha, B. E., Chen, H. Y., Wang, Q. J., Zariffard, M. R., Cohen, M. H., &amp; Spear, G. T. (2005). Utility of Amsel Criteria, Nugent Score, and Quantitative PCR for Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, and&nbsp;<em>Lactobacillus spp<\/em>. for Diagnosis of Bacterial&nbsp;Vaginosis&nbsp;in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(9), 4607\u20134612.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4607-4612.2005\">http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4607-4612.2005<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref23\">23)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Ravel, J., Gajer, P., Abdo, Z., Schneider, G. M., Koenig, S. S. K., McCulle, S. L., \u2026 Forney, L. J. (2011). Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(Suppl 1), 4680\u20134687.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1002611107\">http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1002611107<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref24\">24)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Kim, T. K., Thomas, S. M., Ho, M., Sharma, S., Reich, C. I., Frank, J. A., \u2026 Wilson, B. A. (2009). Heterogeneity of Vaginal Microbial Communities within Individuals . Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 47(4), 1181\u20131189.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00854-08\">http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00854-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref25\">25)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Sautter, R. L., &amp; Brown, W. J. (1980). Sequential vaginal cultures from normal young women. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 11(5), 479\u2013484&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC273436\/\">http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC273436\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref26\">26)<\/a><\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref43\">43)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Yeoman, C. J., Yildirim, S., Thomas, S. M., Durkin, A. S., Torralba, M., Sutton, G., \u2026 Wilson, B. A. (2010). Comparative Genomics of&nbsp;<em>Gardnerella vaginalis<\/em>&nbsp;Strains Reveals Substantial Differences in Metabolic and Virulence Potential. PLoS ONE, 5(8), e12411.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0012411\">http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0012411<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref27\">27)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Amsel, R., Totten, P. A., Spiegel, C. A., Chen, K. C., Eschenbach, D., &amp; Holmes, K. K. (1983). Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. The American Journal of Medicine, 74(1), 14\u201322. Retrieved from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/6600371\">http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/6600371<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref28\">28)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention et al., 2006&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/rr5511a1.htm\">http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/rr5511a1.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref29\">29)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Rifkin, S. B., Smith, M. R., Brotman, R. M., Gindi, R. M., &amp; Erbelding, E. J. (2009). Hormonal contraception and risk of bacterial&nbsp;vaginosis&nbsp;diagnosis in an observational study of women attending STD clinics in Baltimore, MD. Contraception, 80(1), 63\u20137.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.contraception.2009.01.008\">http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.contraception.2009.01.008<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref30\">30)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Bradshaw, Catriona S. and Morton, Anna N. and Hocking, Jane and Garland, Suzanne M. and Morris, Margaret B. and Moss, Lorna M. and Horvath, Leonie B. and Kuzevska, Irene and Fairley, Christopher K. 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Recurrence of Symptomatic Bacterial&nbsp;Vaginosis&nbsp;12 Months after Oral Metronidazole Therapy in HIV\u2010Positive and \u2010Negative Women 2006\/12\/15 Journal of Infectious Diseases 1797-1799 194(12) 10.1086\/509625&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/jid.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/194\/12\/1797.short\">http:\/\/jid.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/194\/12\/1797.short<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.bioacyl.com\/dokuwiki\/!normas\/doku.php?id=en:gyn_ob:vaginosis&amp;s[]=vaginosis#refnotes:1:ref33\">33)<\/a><\/strong><\/sup>&nbsp;Ma, B., Forney, L. J., &amp; Ravel, J. (2012). The vaginal microbiome: rethinking health and diseases. 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BioMed Research International, 2014, 350195.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/350195\">http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/350195<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vaginal lactobacilli dominated flora is stimulated by redox and acid\/base buffering Introduction The lower female reproductive tract, specifically the vagina and ectocervix, is considered a formidable chemical and physical barrier to exogenous invading organisms, in part due to the structure of the stratified vaginal epithelium and the presence of cervicovaginal fluid (CVF). 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